


The theorem has also been referenced in the July 1990 issue of Animal Man comics, with two panels from the page gaining popularity as a reaction image in the late 2010s (shown below, right). Some of the best-known works that referenced the theorem are the 1978 radio play The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, 1983 Doctor Who episode "Mawdryn Undead" and 1993 The Simpsons episode "Last Exit to Springfield" (clip from the episode shown below, left). Since its popularization in the early 20th century, the theorem has been referenced in multiple literary works, television shows and other media. The Infinite Monkey Theorem is a proposition that an unlimited number of monkeys, given typewriters and sufficient time, will eventually produce a particular text, such as Hamlet or even the complete works of Shakespeare.Īlthough the theorem has been proven mathematically, for a physically meaningful number of monkeys the chance of producing even a single page of Shakespeare is unfathomably small. The theorem, which deals with the probability theory of mathematics, can be summarized in the following way. The earliest documented version of the Infinite Monkey Theorem appeared in Émile Borel's 1913 article Mécanique Statistique et Irréversibilité and his 1914 book Le Hasard.
